SOUTH NEWFANE — The emailer was driving along Route 142 near the Connecticut River when she saw a bird just above the water.
“This bird was big!” she wrote. “Very light, mottled feathers, mostly white, but what really caught my eye was the distinctive black eye 'patch.'
“As I watched, the bird made a very tight circle, folded its wings, and dove straight into the water! It flew back out, apparently unsuccessful, because I did not see anything in its talons.”
She saw an Osprey, also known as the Fish Hawk. With its recovery from the devastation caused by the pesticide DDT, the Osprey is again a common bird along the New England coast, and may be seen anywhere in Vermont where there is water - along our rivers, lakes, and large ponds.
The Osprey's diet is almost exclusively fish, and from what I have been able to determine, almost exclusively fresh fish. It hovers 30-100 feet above the water surface looking for fish near the surface.
Finding its prey, it plunges to the water, sometimes completely submerging, save for wing tips. John Terres, in his Encyclopedia of North American Birds, completes the description of the Osprey's fishing: “Rises from water with fish gripped in both feet, pauses in midair to shake water from plumage, and to arrange fish with head pointed forward, which reduces its resistance to air, flies with it to habitual perch to eat or to nest to feed young. Reported to carry fish up to 4 lbs. or more.”
This dull description only hints at the excitement generated when you are able to watch the real thing.
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The Osprey is the only bird that fishes in this manner. Gulls plop on the surface. Many aerial sea birds, like pelicans or gannets, plunge-dive, capturing fish in their beaks. The Bald Eagle, also a “fish hawk,” plucks fish near the surface with its talons.
The Osprey and the Bald Eagle pose interesting contrasts. The Osprey rarely eats dead fish; the Bald Eagle enjoys dead fish, and dead anything else. The Osprey is a tireless fisher. It will consume its catch, then go hunting for more. The Bald Eagle does as little work as possible. When in the mood for fresh meat, rather than carrion, it is content to let the Osprey catch a fish and then steal it.
An older naturalist, like Edward Forbush, always wrote of the benefit or harm that a particular bird posed to humans.
In contrast to what he had to say about many other hawks, Forbush could write of the Osprey that all “the evidence available points to the conclusion that the Osprey is harmless to poultry, birds and game, and that most of the fish that it takes are species of little value to mankind. Fishermen usually welcome it as a guide to good fishing.
“All things considered, this great, handsome, picturesque and interesting bird must be regarded as a subject for perpetual protection.”
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In the 19th and early-20th centuries, an even-greater contrast in attitude was found among coastal farmers.
Where most people in those times considered hawks as vermin to be exterminated (most hawks, given the opportunity, would take a barnyard chicken), coastal farmers and fishermen actively protected Osprey.
They watched Ospreys aggressively protecting their nests, eggs, and young. The farmers' young chickens ran free during the summer; it was assumed that the Osprey protected the chickens from other hawks. Coastal farmers were anxious to have Osprey nesting close to their farmyard, so they set up nesting platforms for them. Each platform was comprised of a tall pole with a wheel fixed on its top.
However, John James Audubon was the more complete observer of the Osprey. In the mid-19th century, he described the Osprey - or Fish Hawk, as he knew it - as having a mild disposition.
“Not only do these birds live in perfect harmony together, but they even allow other birds of very different character to approach so near to them as to build their nests of the very materials of which the outer parts of their own are constructed,” Audubon wrote. “I have never observed a Fish Hawk chasing any other bird whatever.”
He also debunked the coastal farmers' belief that the Osprey protected the barnyard chickens from other hawks. Rather than staying away from the Ospreys, the other hawks simply went away; they went inland “for the purpose of rearing their young in security.”
When the shorebirds and waterfowl returned to the coastal marshes, the other hawks returned as well. By then, the Osprey had completed its nesting and had begun moving south.
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The Osprey is one of the most widely distributed birds in the world, found on every continent in the world except Antarctica and even on some remote Pacific Islands. In the western hemisphere, it nests in North America; northern populations migrate to warmer climates for the winter.
The Osprey is unique among the diurnal birds of prey in several ways. A few examples: the Osprey has long, strong, round claws, curved about one-third of a circle.
The lower surface of the toes, of equal length, are covered with spicules (small, bony spines), which help hold slippery fish. The outer toe is reversible (like an owl's) so it can hold prey with two toes in front and two in back. Its plumage is compact, which reduces wetting when it plunges into the water.
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How the name “Osprey” came to be applied to this “Fish Hawk” is a mystery.
“Osprey” probably derives from the Latin, meaning something like “bone breaker.” The original “bone-breaker” known to the Romans was the Lammergeier, or “lamb vulture,” which dropped bones from a height in order to break them.
No one seems to know how the word “osprey” came to be applied to the bird we know. However, translators of the Holy Bible's King James Version (1611) do refer to “the eagle, the ossifrage, and the osprey.”
An early commentator on this translation explains that the ossifrage is a “species of eagle” and the osprey is “the black eagle.”
Clearly, these theologians were a bit confused, especially since Shakespeare a few years earlier had written (correctly) in Coriolanus: “As is the osprey to the fish, who takes it/By sovereignty of nature.”
This passage suggests that for reliable observations of the natural world, you may be better served by a poet than by a theologian.
Good birding!